What was the first commercial photography process?

A nation state is a territory with clear boundaries occupied by people who identify as a cultural group and create a political unit. Learn about the development of monarchical nation states and their rise of power in 16th-century Europe. Review the way it was before the 16th century, the shattered dreams of unity, the new type of state they created, and the rising nation-states that transformed Europe.

The market economy in 17th century Europe evolved over time from feudalism to capitalism. Study feudalism vs. the American dream, the definition of capitalism, and capitalism in 17th century Europe.

Mastering the free-response essay question on the AP European history exam involves becoming very familiar with what is required. Learn how to master this type of essay and its question, and study how to outline, write, and prepare for the exam.

Two sects of Christianity that applied Reformation ideology in extremes during the middle of the 16th century were the Anabaptists and Antitrinitarians. Learn the origins and beliefs of each religious sect, as well as notable leaders who progressed their Reformation doctrines in radical ways.