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Lisa has taught at all levels from kindergarten to college and has a master's degree in human relations.
An 8-year-old boy is playing a video game. He gets frustrated with the game, and he throws his controller across the room. What do you think his mother will do?
Will she play video games with her son and model appropriate behavior? Will she ground him from playing video games for a week? Will she ignore the behavior and reward him with a treat and praise when he acts in a more positive way the next time he becomes frustrated?
Like the previous example, behavior therapy can also be approached in different ways. Behavior therapy is a therapeutic approach that applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behaviors.
This lesson will provide a brief overview of two approaches to behavior therapy: applied behavior analysis and social-cognitive theory.
In order to understand these approaches, we must first understand the stimulus-response model that all behavior is based on to some extent. The stimulus-response model is the belief that behavior is the result of a reaction to some event.
This event is the stimulus. A stimulus could be a spider, a math test, or a comment that offends you. A stimulus is anything that you have a behavioral reaction to. Your reaction to the stimulus is your response. Your response could be fear when you see a spider, anxiety when you have a math test, or anger when someone offends you. When you have an unhealthy response to a stimulus, an intervention needs to take place to change your response to the situation.
Applied behavior analysis is a technique that applies the principles of reinforcement and punishment to learning. Applied behavioral analysis addresses a client's problems by changing what occurs before a behavior and changing the result of the behavior. The two main tools used to accomplish this are reinforcement and punishment.
There are two types of reinforcement: positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement refers to the addition of something positive, such as offering a treat when a desired behavior is displayed. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of something undesirable when a behavior is displayed. An example would be a headache going away after taking an aspirin.
There are also two types of punishment: positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishment is the addition of something undesirable, such as a child receiving extra chores for misbehaving. Negative punishment is the removal of something pleasing, such as a child losing video game privileges for misbehavior.
Applied behavioral analysis can be used with almost any observable behavior. When behavioral principals are applied to everyday situations, targeted behaviors can either be increased or decreased over time.
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Applied behavioral analysis is used to help with the acquisition of many different skills, such as language or social skills. It is also used to help decrease maladaptive behaviors, such as aggression or self-injury. In recent years, applied behavioral analysis has gained the most attention from its use with children who have autism spectrum disorders.
Social-cognitive theory is an approach that considers the effects of interaction between the environment, personal factors, and individual behavior. This interaction creates a triangle of reciprocity. A person's ongoing functioning is a product of this continuous interaction.
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For example, think of what you would picture differently when you think of a bright child who is nurtured to succeed versus a child with a learning disability who is pushed to perform. A child's behavior in a classroom is constantly being shaped by the academic environment and the child's interpretation of this environment. Likewise, the overall academic environment can also be affected by the child's behavior.
Social-cognitive theory is most often applied to the learning of social skills, and one of its main premises is that much of what we learn is gained through observation of others in the environment. This leads us to the concept of modeling, which involves demonstrating a behavior so that it will be imitated by others. Modeling is important because it allows the learner to see what a behavior looks like and what consequences result from the behavior. For example, if you want a child to learn an appropriate response to being frustrated, you will let them watch you model an appropriate response to being frustrated so they can imitate the behavior.
Behavior therapy is a therapeutic approach that applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behaviors. Behavioral therapy is based on the stimulus-response model. This is the belief that behavior is the result of a reaction to some event. When you have an unhealthy response to a stimulus, an intervention needs to take place to change your response to the situation.
Two approaches to accomplish this using behavior therapy are applied behavioral analysis and social-cognitive theory. Applied behavioral analysis is a technique that applies the principles of reinforcement and punishment to learning. There are two types of reinforcement and two types of punishment. Positive reinforcement adds something positive and negative reinforcement removes something undesirable. Positive punishment adds something undesirable and negative punishment removes something that is desired.
Social-cognitive theory is an approach that considers the effects of interaction between the environment, personal factors, and individual behavior. Modeling is important in social-cognitive theory because of the belief that much of what we learn is gained through observation of others in the environment. Modeling involves demonstrating a behavior so that it will be imitated by others.
At the end of the video, you should be able to:
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