Douglas has two master's degrees (MPA & MBA) and a PhD in Higher Education Administration.
Before we specifically introduce some of the major players in the protests that took place in the United States from 1954-1973, let's briefly review some of the hottest issues of the day. From 1954-1973, the three most significant topics of protest were civil rights, the Vietnam War, and women's rights. With that quick summary, let's meet some of the key players on each side of those protests.
Many of the names from the Civil Rights Movement are commonly taught in elementary school. Most middle school students know the story of Rosa Parks and her seat on the bus. Her actions certainly brought more light to an issue that was already hot in American society - segregation and the rights of African-Americans. To better understand the civil rights conflict, the three figures we'll briefly introduce here are Martin Luther King Jr., Governor George Wallace, and President Lyndon Johnson.
Every movement has a public face - someone in that movement that is seen by both supporters and opponents as the leader. During the Civil Rights Movement, that was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. A preacher and incredible orator, Dr. King inspired African Americans in the South, and throughout the country, to give up what little money they made and to strike, slowing much of the Southern economy. His inspirational speeches and sermons became hallmarks of the movement.
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If Dr. King was the superhero of the Civil Rights Movement, Governor George Wallace of Alabama was his nemesis. Governor Wallace was a very outspoken supporter of segregation. Even after Brown v. Board of Education, the case that resulted in desegregation of schools, the University of Alabama found ways to not accept black students, until three black applicants were accepted with the help of a federal district judge. To defy the judge, Governor Wallace stood in front of the doors of the school to block entrance to the three students. This display made George Wallace the face of the opposition when it came to civil rights.
The U.S. President at the time was Lyndon Johnson. President Johnson was supportive of the civil rights legislation that President Kennedy supported before his assassination. Johnson continued to push for Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act, which they did in 1964. However, while President Johnson was friendly to the cause and met with Dr. King, he understood the sensitive nature of the topic and importance of the southern democratic vote, which was why Johnson, at times, tried to distance himself from Dr. King, at least in the public eye.
Shortly after the beginning of the Vietnam War in 1964, grassroots activist groups began to protest the war. Many of these groups were not part of the mainstream public, but tended to be much more liberal citizens and included many youths from college campuses, such as the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). During the early years of the war, the public's perceived notion that Vietnam 'started' the war by attacking two U.S. ships helped keep public support fairly stable.
However, as the war continued and the cost rose - in terms of American lives and money - the public grew tired. Boxer Muhammad Ali came out as an objector of the war and refused to be drafted, meaning he would have had to serve prison time. But, by that time the public support for the war was waning.
The anti-war protests didn't have a clear leader like the Civil Rights Movement, but were represented by famous people criticizing the war (like Muhammad Ali) as well as college student protesters. Those involved in the Kent State anti-war protest, where students were killed, stand out in history as key figures.
The Women's Rights Movement is often broken up into first wave feminism and second wave feminism. The first wave took place in the late 1800s and 1900s in the United States and focused on the suffrage movement, and the second wave took place beginning during WWII and continued through the 1990s. Two important events took place that brought the discussion about the role and rights of women back into discussion. The first was in 1963 when Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique, a book that strongly encouraged women to defy the mainstream image that had been painted, get out of the housewife role, and work to succeed in society.
A decade later, in 1973, as the second wave feminist movement continued, the Supreme Court ruled on one of the most historical cases it had heard - Roe v. Wade. Roe was actually Norma McCorvey, a woman from Texas who sought an abortion based on a Texas law that allowed abortion in the case of rape. But, because McCorvey didn't have police documentation related to the rape, she was denied the medical procedure. She became the Roe in Roe v. Wade.
Roe v. Wade relied on the 14th amendment and the due process clause to establish that women have the right to have an abortion. At the same time, the court knew States had interests in protecting the rights of the mother and the child. These two seemingly competing interests were balanced by the Court by allowing states to make their own laws, within the bounds set by the Court.
From the 1950s through the 1970s, America saw a number of protests over a variety of topics. Some of these protests had clear leaders, on both sides of the protests, such as in the case of civil rights figures Martin Luther King, Jr. and his nemesis Governor George Wallace as well President Johnson who played a mediating role.
There was hardly a break before the Vietnam War began and college campuses and grassroots organizations, like the Society for Democratic Students, protested the cost of the war.
Finally, as late as 1973 when Roe v. Wade was decided by the Supreme Court, and with the publishing of The Feminist Mystique, the second wave of feminism had begun across the United States.
While many of these protests led to injuries and deaths, they shaped the future of the American society. Much of what we see today - good and bad - can be traced back to one of these three issues.
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