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Predictor Variable: Definition & Example

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Instructor: Yolanda Williams

Yolanda has taught college Psychology and Ethics, and has a doctorate of philosophy in counselor education and supervision.

Did you know predictor variables are commonly used in nonexperimental research designs? Learn more about predictor variables from examples, and then test your knowledge with a quiz.

Definition of a Predictor Variable

Mia is a psychologist who is interested in developing a program for first generation college students. In order to gain baseline data that can be used to create her program, Mia decides to conduct a study. Mia wants to know if a relationship exists between first generation college students' attendance and grade point average. More specifically, she wants to test her hypothesis that attendance can be used to predict grade point average. In this example, attendance is the predictor variable.

A predictor variable is a variable that is being used to predict some other variable or outcome. In the example we just used now, Mia is using attendance as a means to predict another variable, grade point average.

Difference Between Predictor and Independent

Predictor variable is often confused with independent variable. Though these terms are often used interchangeably, they actually refer to two different concepts. Predictor variable and independent variable are both similar in that they are used to observe how they affect some other variable or outcome. The main difference is that independent variables can be used to determine if one variable is the cause of changes in another, whereas predictor variables cannot.

Independent variables are manipulated by the researcher in such a way that allows the researcher to conclude the independent variable either causes or does not cause the changes in the other variable or outcome. Predictor variables are generally not manipulated by the researcher. The differences and the changes in the predictor variable across subjects are usually naturally occurring. Independent variables are used in true experimental designs; predictor variables are used in nonexperimental research.

Let's look at Mia's study. She is looking at the attendance of the students as it is. She is not going to make students alter their attendance pattern for the sake of her study. Could you imagine how students would respond if Mia were to say I need you to miss thirty days of school, and then report your grade point average to me? This would be highly unethical and would rub many students the wrong way. Mia is going to look at their attendance as it naturally occurs, and then see how their attendance influences their grade point average.

Let's say Mia conducted her study and found that students who attended more days of school had the highest grades. Does this mean attending school causes your grade point average to increase? No, it does not. It simply means that a positive relationship exists between attendance and grade point average and that you can predict someone's grade point average based on their attendance.

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