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Religion 101: Intro to World Religions9 chapters | 99 lessons | 8 flashcard sets
Video: The Vedas: Hinduism's Sacred Texts
This lesson will explore the ancient Hindu texts known collectively as the Vedas. It will stress the importance of the Rig-Veda, while also explaining the roles of the three lesser Yajur, Sama and Atharva Vedas.The Vedas: Hinduism's Sacred Texts
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Lesson Transcript
Instructor:
Jessica Whittemore
Jessica has taught junior high history and college seminar courses. She has a master's degree in education.
This lesson will explore the ancient Hindu texts known collectively as the Vedas. It will stress the importance of the Rig-Veda, while also explaining the roles of the three lesser Yajur, Sama and Atharva Vedas.
The Four Vedas
Throughout time, people of faith have elevated certain texts to positions of inspired power and reverence. We see it as Jews hold to the Torah, while Muslims elevate the teachings of the Quran. Like these faiths, Hinduism has their own sacred texts known collectively as the Vedas.
Today we'll take a look at these sacred Hindu texts. As we do this, some of us from the more Western frame of mind may find some of the names and different nuances of the texts a bit confusing. To make things as simple as possible, I'll try to link the different texts to familiar things within our paradigm. Your job will be to keep these two main things in mind. First, the Vedas are broken down into four collections. Second, the Rig-Veda is usually considered the most important of the four Veda collections.
Historical Background
With this in mind, let's get down some history. For starters, many believe the Vedas to be the oldest literary works of the Indus River Valley civilization. Some even go as far as to say they are the oldest sacred texts of mankind. However, since the ancients weren't really known for their exact record keeping, this claim is rather hard to prove. For our purposes of study, we'll go with the traditional dating of over 1000 years before Christ.
No matter when they were actually composed, Hindus believe the Vedas to be of divine origin, not authored by man. This is similar to the Christian belief that the Bible was inspired by God alone.
Written in Sanskrit, the ancient language of the Indus River Valley and the Indo-Aryan people, Hindu scholars still study the Vedas in this original language. So sacred are these texts, they are not to be translated into any other form. This is in sharp contrast to the Bible, which has been translated and shared in languages across the globe.
Rig-Veda
With this history in mind, let's take a look at the four collections of the Vedas. Since the Rig-Veda is usually considered the most important of the four, we'll start with it.
The Rig-Veda is believed to be the oldest of the four collections. Again, many consider it the oldest scriptures or sacred texts in the world. In short, it is a collection of religious poetry and hymns, which reflect the devotion of the early Hindu followers. Not only were these poems and hymns religious, they also included some social and political content. To help us remember the importance of this sort of king of the Vedas, we'll use some alliteration, calling it the 'royal Rig-Veda!'
Lesser Vedas
The next two Vedas we'll cover are the Yajur-Veda and the Sama-Veda. Not given as much prestige as the royal Rig-Veda, some scholars consider them almost as appendages of the Rig-Veda rather than stand-alone texts.
The Yajur-Veda consists mainly of prose, or ordinary language, that spells out prayers and litanies of the ancient faith. Since this one speaks in ordinary Sanskrit words, we won't give it a special name.
Differing from the ordinary prose, the Sama-Veda is a collection of chants used by the priests of the faith. For those who have ever sat in on a Catholic mass, this idea of chanting or singing of words may seem a bit familiar. Using our alliteration tool, we can probably get away with calling the Sama-Veda our 'singing Sama-Veda.'
The last of our four Vedas is the Atharva-Veda. Considered to be independent from the Rig-Veda, the Atharva-Veda sort of stands on its own. Used in the homes of the common people, it's full of magical blessings and curses. In short, it's a book of spells and incantations similar to the mysterious magical witchcraft books of Medieval Europe. To help us remember this one, how about we call it the 'abracadabra Atharva-Veda.'
Lesson Summary
Considered by many to be the oldest of the world's scriptures, the Vedas are the most sacred Hindu texts. Written in ancient Sanskrit the Vedas are a collection of four different works.
- First there is the royal Rig-Veda. This work is a vast collection of religious poetry and hymns and is considered to be the most important of the Vedas.
- Closely tied to the Rig-Veda, is the Yajur-Veda, which includes prayers and litanies of the ancient faith.
- There is also our singing Sama-Veda. This collection of chants is also closely tied to the Rig-Veda.
- More independent from the Rig-Veda is our abracadabra Atharva-Veda. Used in the homes of the common people, the Atharva -Veda is full of magical blessings, curses and incantations.
Learning Outcomes
When this lesson is done, you should be able to:
- Recognize the ancient texts of Hinduism as possibly being the oldest religious texts in the world
- List the four works that comprise the Vedas
- Describe each of the Vedas and their purposes
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Lesson
2 in chapter 2 of the course:
- The Origins of Hinduism: the Indus River Valley & the Harappa Culture 4:26
- The Vedas: Hinduism's Sacred Texts 5:05
-
5:45
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