Joelle has taught middle school Language Arts and college academic writing. She has a master's degree in education.
Vocational education is training that provides practical experience in specific trades or careers, and traditionally had only been offered in vocational schools that were separate from other educational institutions like public high schools and colleges. Vocational education was constructed following guidelines set out in the Vocational Education Act of 1963 until 1976, when a series of educational amendments substantially changed laws and standards regarding public education in the United States. The amendments, signed into law by President Gerald Ford, sought not only to improve the standards of vocational education but also to expand offerings to disadvantaged students and eliminate sex bias and stereotyping in vocational education.
While the programs were successful, they were not as cohesive and well-implemented as they could have been and did not reach all populations. As part of a series of five educational amendments, Senator Claiborne Pell of Rhode Island proposed what is now known as Title II, which focuses on vocational education.
One of the areas addressed in Title II was goal setting and guidelines for vocational programs. Title II called for national goals and guidelines for vocational education that states could use as a basis for their own programs. States seeking funding from the national government for vocational programs could now form their own advisory councils. These councils would create state vocational education programs, advise on policies related to those programs, and evaluate the programs. The evaluations would then be submitted to the national advisory council.
When we think of vocational education areas such as auto mechanics, welding, and construction we commonly think of primarily males participating in these programs. And when we think of others such as homemaking, knitting, and sewing, we usually think of female students taking these classes. Sex stereotyping was, and still is, a concern in many fields vocational education trains students for. Title II recognizes this challenge and attempts to address gender bias in these fields. The legislation directed the Commissioner of Education to examine and address sex stereotyping in all areas of vocational education.
When immigration restrictions were lifted in 1965, larger numbers of immigrants from non-European countries began settling in the United States. The population of students in American classrooms with little or no understanding of the English language grew rapidly. Educational amendments passed in 1968 and 1974 created and then required public schools to offer bilingual education programs for students with limited English proficiency. Recognizing the need to ensure vocational education would also be offered bilingually, Title II of the 1976 Educational Amendments extends funding to bilingual vocational education programs.
In addition to addressing vocational education's need for cohesive, consistent goals across programs, the reduction of gender bias, and bilingual programming, Title II also provides funding for specific areas of vocational education including:
Title II of the Educational Amendments of 1976 expands and refines vocational education programming in public schools in the United States. It calls for national goals to be set that will guide state advisory committees in creating their vocational education programs, advising on policies related to those programs, and program evaluation. It also addresses sex stereotyping or gender bias in particular areas of vocational education and the need for bilingual vocational programs with the increase in non-English speaking immigrant students. Finally, it expands vocational education to include cooperative programs, homemaking education, and post-secondary education in the areas of coal mining and solar energy.
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Praxis Professional School Counselor (5421): Practice & Study Guide20 chapters | 167 lessons | 14 flashcard sets
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