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Chemiosmosis is the process of a molecule moving from high to low concentration, based on its charge and concentration inside a cell. This sounds pretty complicated. So, before talking about chemiosmosis, it will be important to understand a basic rule of the world: diffusion.
Diffusion is when anything moves from high concentration to low concentration. Think about food coloring in a jar of water. When the food coloring is first added to the water, it is concentrated in the center, but because there is less food coloring in other parts of the water, over time the food coloring spreads out or diffuses.
There are many more examples, such as delicious smells wafting from the kitchen during a holiday meal or warm air moving outwards from the house during the winter. The examples are so ubiquitous because diffusion is everywhere! Everything always moves from where there is more to where there is less. Check out the pictures of food coloring diffusing through a beaker of water.
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There are some special examples of diffusion that occur inside cells. Cells have a plasma membrane, or outer barrier, that only lets certain things in or out. This allows substances to build up on one side of the membrane if there isn't a door to let them through. This creates what we call a gradient. A gradient is a situation in which there is more of a substance on one side than another. Energy can be stored in a gradient over the plasma membrane. If one substance is concentrated on one side of the membrane, it will want to diffuse until the concentrations are even.
Because this process occurs naturally, when it finally does happen, energy is released. The cell can harness this energy to do amazing things. Channel proteins allow substances to diffuse through the plasma membrane. Notice there are more of the blue circles outside the cell, so by diffusion they move into the cell.
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Chemiosmosis is a special type of diffusion that happens over the plasma membrane. Chemiosmosis not only takes concentration into consideration, but also electrical charge. Thus, chemiosmosis exclusively has to do with the movement of ions (charged atoms) across the plasma membrane.
Diffusion not only works to equalize concentration on both sides of the membrane, but also to equalize charge. If there are more positive ions outside compared to inside the cell, positive ions will want to move down their electrical gradient into the cell. However, chemiosmosis also takes into consideration the concentration gradient. The molecule flows based on where there is more of its charge to where there is less and from a higher to lower concentration. The ion is flowing down its electrochemical gradient.
All cells need energy, called ATP. Think of ATP as money. Each cell needs so much money to pay the bills every month, so just like people, they need to make money. The way the cell does this is through a process called cellular respiration, which starts with ingesting food and ends with making ATP.
So, how do we get from eating food all the way to ATP? Food travels from the digestive system to our cells. Then, cells use the energy stored in food molecules to pump hydrogen ions outside the cell. This creates an electrochemical gradient because there is a greater concentration of hydrogen ions outside the cell and a greater positive charge, because cells are naturally negative, and hydrogen ions have a positive charge.
The only way to let hydrogen back into the cell is through a protein called ATP synthase. The hydrogen ions flow through the protein, causing it to spin like a water mill. The wheel of the mill is the ATP synthase, and the water flowing down it is the hydrogen ions. The ATP synthase then harvests the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient to make ATP, just like the water mill takes the energy from the flowing water to make the wheel turn. The body is converting one kind of energy into another.
Think about the water wheel. The water pours down its concentration gradient, high to low, making the wheel spin. The energy from the water flowing is converted to energy to spin the wheel.
An analogous thing happens with ATP synthase. Hydrogen ions are the water, and ATP synthase is the wheel. So, ATP synthase is using the hydrogen ion gradient to convert ADP into ATP, which is the energy cells need. Without chemiosmosis, this wouldn't be possible. The body's cells couldn't get energy, and it wouldn't be possible to move around, breathe, or even think!
In summary, chemiosmosis is the process of a charged particle moving down its gradient based on the concentration and the charge of the ion. Chemiosmosis relies on the principle of diffusion, which says that everything always flows from where there is more to where there is less until an equilibrium, or balance, has been reached. Chemiosmosis involves both ions moving with their concentration gradient and their electrical gradient. An example of chemiosmosis in the cell is the hydrogen ion gradient used by ATP synthase to create cellular energy, or ATP. Hydrogen ions flow from outside the cell to inside, and the energy released is harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP.
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