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Alexandra has taught students at every age level from pre-school through adult. She has a BSEd in English Education.
A lot of American students have the mistaken impression that World War II was caused by the Holocaust; that's the Nazi persecution of European Jews. But, that's definitely not the right answer. Before we can even begin to discuss the causes of WWII, we need to go back to World War I. People across the world had said that the Great War, as it was called at the time, was 'the war to end all wars.' At its conclusion, the punishing Treaty of Versailles was supposed to have rendered Germany completely impotent.
The League of Nations was formed to prevent future wars of aggression. There were numerous treaties and agreements signed between different nations in the 1920s. What's more, the Senate's Nye Committee had convinced the United States' government that WWI had been more about money than national security, leading to policies that established America's neutrality in conflicts around the world.
So, how did another world war, more destructive than the first, originate with Germany and go unchecked by the League of Nations? Why in the world did Japan get involved? And, how did America get sucked in again?
President Wilson had said that the United States' involvement in WWI would 'make the world safe for democracy.' Yet, within two decades, many parts of Europe and Asia had turned away from democracy and embraced one-man or one-party rule, and several of these leaders were not content to stay within their borders.
Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party in 1919, and by 1926, he had complete control over Italy. Then, he moved to reestablish the old Roman Empire by invading Ethiopia in October 1935. Yet, the League of Nations looked on; without a military force, they couldn't do much more than embargo certain exports to Italy.
Adolf Hitler was inspired. After consolidating fascist power in 1933, Germany's chancellor tested the limits of the League's power. But, nothing had happened when he withdrew his nation from the League that year, or when he announced Germany's rearmament and compulsory military service in 1935. So, when the League of Nations failed to stop Mussolini's expansion, Hitler turned his own attention outward. In 1936, he sent 32,000 troops, with air support, into an area known as the Rhineland, which was a demilitarized buffer zone created by the Treaty of Versailles.
What did the League of Nations do? They officially disapproved. Then, Germany and Italy signed a military alliance in 1936, also in violation of Versailles. Silence. Germany and Italy both sent aid to the fascist leader of Spain during that nation's civil war, though the League had forbidden foreign involvement. In 1938, Hitler's Anschluss, the reunification of Germany and Austria, went unopposed. Then, in September of 1938, Great Britain and France, eager to avoid another costly war, signed the Munich Agreement approving Germany's occupation of the Sudetenland, which was a German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia, because Hitler promised he wouldn't try to take any more territory. And then, for a few months, Europe thought that might be the worst of it.
But, Europe wasn't the only part of the world dealing with aggressive, ultra-nationalistic leaders. By 1931, China had been embroiled in civil war for four years, and Japan took advantage of this instability. In 1931, they fabricated an excuse to invade Manchuria and seize control of its resources. The international community did little to intervene until Japan invaded Shanghai the following year, where a large population of expatriates lived. When the League of Nations protested, Japan withdrew from the organization and sporadic fighting continued.
By 1937, China and Japan were in an all-out war, beginning with the reinvasion of Shanghai. Quickly, Japanese forces moved in on the capital city of Nanking in 1937, and America evacuated its citizens. The U.S. gunboat, Panay, and three corporate-owned oil tankers were leaving Nanking with the last of the civilians when they were attacked by the Japanese navy. Now, in order to avoid a diplomatic crisis with the United States, Emperor Hirohito claimed that the sinking of the Panay was an accident and apologized.
But, Americans were further horrified by unspeakable Japanese atrocities carried out upon the Chinese capital in the coming weeks, an event known as the 'Rape of Nanking.' So, the United States passed economic sanctions against Japan and sent aid to China. By 1939, Japan's war against China was floundering, and the nation, now under the influence of a military mastermind named Hideki Tojo, looked for a way to combat American intervention.
Now, let's see how all of this fits together. On September 1, 1939, the fast-moving, well-trained German army stormed across the Polish border from the north, south and west, while Soviet troops moved in on the helpless nation from the east a couple weeks later. Finally, the European democracies had enough. The invasion of Poland prompted Britain and France to declare war on Germany. Within months, Hitler's army controlled most of northern and western Europe, and his air force was keeping Great Britain at bay.
Suddenly, General Tojo saw the answer to his problems. You see, there were a lot of English, French and Dutch colonies in the Pacific. And, at the moment, it didn't look like the European nations were in any position to defend those colonies. If Japan could get control of some of them, Tojo would have the resources he needed to continue his conquest and prevent other foreign governments from supplying aid to China through their colonies. Japan formally made an alliance with Germany and Italy in September 1940, forming the core of what we call the Axis powers. Soon thereafter, Japan occupied French Indochina. Indochina is the nation we know today as Vietnam.
Still, the U.S. refused to declare war in either Europe or Asia. Instead, the government allowed certain types of arms sales to its European allies and instituted a complete oil embargo against Japan. In 1941, both Germany and Japan wanted to discourage American involvement in their conquest schemes and weaken America's ability to fight just in case it did decide to declare war. So, Hitler's submarines began targeting U.S. ships approaching England. And, Tojo, now Prime Minister, decided to attack several U.S. possessions in the Pacific, including the naval base at Pearl Harbor. The world was at war, again, and America had been pulled in.
Let's review. Despite measures taken after WWI to prevent another global conflict, WWII erupted within 20 years. Many nations had welcomed authoritarian rulers, and the League of Nations proved completely ineffective at stopping them:
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History 104: US History II14 chapters | 110 lessons | 10 flashcard sets
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