Ch 2: Culture in Sociology

1. Civil Religion in America by Bellah: Summary & Analysis

In this lesson, we will take a brief look at the major theories, religious metaphors, and cultural context surrounding Robert Neely Bellah's 1967 article 'Civil Religion in America.' Following this, you can take a quiz to test your newfound knowledge!

2. Effects of Child Labor

Some children do not have a normal childhood. These are the children forced into child labor. Find out about the effects this has on them as children and later on in life.

3. Lewis Hine's Photographs on Child Labor

In this lesson, we'll talk about the use of child labor during America's industrial revolution and the reaction of a photographer named Lewis Hine who documented the harsh conditions in mills, coal mines, and factories.

4. Moral Code: Definition & Examples

Did you know that your moral code is heavily influenced by your culture? In this lesson, we'll explain what a moral code is and learn about moral codes using examples.

5. Personal Moral Code: Definition & Examples

Everyone has a personal moral code: The rules they personally live by and believe to be morally right and sound. Each moral code is different and may not actually be legally sound, but according to the person's values, it is moral.

6. What Are Civil Disturbance Operations?

Civil disturbances are common events that are frequently reported through the media. After defining civil unrest, we will discuss information about the kinds of civil disturbance operations that state and federal agencies engage in, to manage incidents in the community.

7. What Is the Christian Moral Code?

An estimated 2.2 billion people claim Christianity as their religion, but what does that mean? What is the foundation of Christian behavior? In this lesson, we will explore the behavior and standards established by the Christian moral code.

8. What is Chain Migration? - Definition & Examples

People move. That's simple, but the ways they move can be more complicated. In this lesson, we'll talk about chain migrations, and see how different groups understand this concept.

9. Collective Representation: Definition & Examples

Can a small symbol or image be so meaningful to a group of people that it shapes their view of the world or the way that they relate to others? In this lesson you'll learn the definition of 'collective representation' and review a few examples of this concept.

10. Cultural Empathy: Definition & Examples

In a world where different cultures frequently collide, cultural empathy is very important for peaceful and smooth relations. Learn the definition of cultural empathy, factors that influence it, and examples of cultural empathy in this lesson.

11. Cultural Competence: Definition & Model

Training in cultural competence is becoming mandatory in many healthcare and counseling arenas. Learn about the definition and importance of cultural competence, as well as the Campinha-Bacote Model of cultural competence in this lesson.

12. Cultural Encapsulation: Definition & Example

Even counselors and therapists who are seen as some of the most understanding people are sometimes biased to their own culture's norms, beliefs and attitudes. In this lesson, you will learn the definition of cultural encapsulation, it's focus in the counseling world, and an example to illustrate this concept.

13. Cultural Essentialism: Definition & Examples

This lesson will define cultural essentialism. This lesson will also provide examples of essentialist beliefs that can be beneficial to individuals but harmful to societies.

14. Why is Cultural Humility Important?

Cultural humility is a way to appreciate one's own culture while also being open to others. This lesson explains why cultural humility is so intrinsic in today's society.

15. Cultural Humility: Definition & Example

Cultural humility is a lifelong process that ensures that professionals learn about other cultures and are sensitive to cultural differences. Learn the definition and three facets of cultural humility and see an example in this lesson.

16. Cultural Integration: Definition & Examples

When you move to a place with a different culture, do you lose your own? This lesson discusses what cultural integration is through examples of people's experiences moving into a new culture, as well as pros and cons.

17. Cultural Lag: Definition, Theory & Examples

Did you know that the ethical conflicts related to genetically modifying DNA are an example of cultural lag? In this lesson, we'll discuss cultural lag and learn from examples.

18. Cultural Leveling: Definition & Examples

With the rise of technology and travel, cultures are bound to adopt some of the customs, interests and practices of other cultures. Learn the definition of cultural leveling, how cultural leveling can be inhibited by isolated cultures, and examples of cultural leveling in this lesson.

19. Cultural Mores: Definition & Examples

Every culture has rules that demonstrate what is right and what is wrong. Learn about cultural mores, how they differ from folkways and taboos, and how they are established through the use of examples in this lesson.

20. Types of Mores

This lesson discusses the idea of mores. It is concerned with discerning between the different types of guidelines an individual receives (folkways, mores, laws), how they are defined, and examples of mores.

21. Mores vs. Norms

This lesson will explain the meaning of mores and norms and explaining their relationship to culture. Their application in society will be compared and contrasted by providing appropriate examples of each.

22. Historical Particularism: Definition & Examples

In this lesson, we'll talk about an important idea in cultural anthropology known as historical particularism. Developed by Franz Boas, this perspective encourages us to study different cultures in depth, understanding the historical factors that have made cultures unique.

23. Cultural Perception: Definition & Examples

How does culture influence how an individual perceives their world? This lesson looks at how culture influences perception by defining the terms involved and providing examples of cultural perception.

24. Culture of Poverty: Definition, Theory & Examples

In this lesson, we'll talk about a theory known as the culture of poverty, which suggests that poverty is the result of cultural values passed down through generations. It was first popularized by an an anthropologist named Oscar Lewis.

25. Cultural Symbol: Definition & Examples

Cultural symbols can signify many things for a culture, such as an ideology or religious beliefs. Learn the definition of cultural symbol as well as examples of cultural symbols in this lesson.

26. Cultural Traits: Definition & Examples

What is a cultural trait? What does a cultural trait have to do with tradition? Are cultural traits static or ever-changing? This lesson answers these questions and provides numerous examples of cultural traits.

27. Segmented Assimilation Theory: Definition & Examples

In this lesson, we'll talk about the theory of segmented assimilation, which explains how immigrants experience and adapt to the mainstream culture in different ways. We'll go over some important definitions and talk about some examples of segmented assimilation.

28. Social Distance: Definition & Theory

Social distance exists in all societies. It is a perceived construct that is different for each individual, but is influenced by the culture in which a person lives. This lesson defines social distance and reviews its characteristics.

29. Social Integration: Definition & Theory

How do different groups remain relatively cohesive in society? In this lesson, we'll talk about the sociological concept of social integration, which explains how groups live in relative harmony with one another in many societies.

30. Social Issues: Definition & Examples

Social issues or problems are prevalent in all cultures. This lesson will describe what constitutes a social issue and provide examples of major social issues facing the United States today.

31. Differential Opportunity Theory: Definition & Examples

How does deviance occur among teens? This lesson discusses differential opportunity theory, what it is, what characteristics or subcultures it contains and how sociologists have critiqued it over the years.

32. Disconfirmation Bias: Definition, Theory & Example

When a person believes something so strongly they have difficulty accepting any evidence to the contrary it is called disconfirmation bias. This lesson reviews disconfirmation bias and explores examples and theories connected to it.

33. Mechanical Solidarity: Definition & Examples

Did you know that mechanical solidarity is common among pre-industrial societies? In this lesson, we'll learn all about mechanical solidarity, how it differs from organic solidarity, and more.

34. Mechanical vs. Organic Solidarity

In this lesson, we'll talk about the sociologist Emile Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity. We'll go over the difference between these two forms of social integration that hold different types of societies together.

35. Organic Solidarity: Definition & Examples

Did you know that American society is built on a foundation of organic solidarity? In this lesson, we will learn all about organic solidarity, how it differs from mechanical solidarity, and more.

36. Intractable Conflict: Definition & Causes

Intractable conflict is a severe conflict that continues over time and for which any resolution seems impossible, resulting in emotional to physical bias. This lesson discusses this definition in depth and its causes.

37. Intractable Conflict: Benefits & Theory

Intractable conflict is a conflict that cannot find resolution through any means. So how can there be benefits to that? This lesson will discuss the theory of intractable conflict and the good that can come of it.

38. Intractable Conflict: Characteristics & Examples

An intractable conflict is a conflict that is so severe in nature that the conflict seems impossible to resolve and can result in violence. This lesson discusses the characteristic of these conflicts and some examples.

39. What is Straight Edge? - Definition & Lifestyle

This lesson will cover the straight edge subculture, defining what it means to be straight edge by including the values (like abstinence), motives, and actions of individuals who engage in the straight edge lifestyle. It will also address some variations in the subculture over time.

40. Straight Edge: Movement, Culture & History

Punk subcultures had a large impact on the late 20th century, but some did so in unique ways. In this lesson, we'll look at the straight edge movement and see how it both reinforced and challenged punk conventions.

41. What is a Verbal Threat? - Definition, Examples & Laws

Many people have verbally threatened someone at one point or another. This lesson will distinguish between harmless and criminal verbal threatening, provide examples, and discuss laws designed to protect those who are threatened.

42. Franz Boas: Biography, Theory & Contributions

Anthropology has taught modern people a lot about cultures, but who most added to 20th-century thought on anthropology? This lesson looks at Franz Boas, his contributions to anthropology and his theory of cultural relativism.

43. What is Economic Botany? - Definition & Elements

People have been using plants for thousands of years. In this lesson, you'll learn how an economic botanist makes sense of how people use plants as well as to encourage sustainable use.